A Revolution of Values: The Promise of Multicultural Essay -- Rhetoric

A Revolution of Values The Promise of Multicultural Change Bell Hooks was born in Hopkinsville, Kentucky in 1952. She was born into the era of separatism and was in high school during the start of civil rightfields movements. Since Hooks was a young African American that attended integrity of the first merged high schools, she experienced racism and segregation first hand. Her writing explains how it was to live during these times and also exhibits how her experiences effected her emotionally. Hooks essay successfully achieves her aim because of the credibility instilled by the historical context of her writing and expert opinions and her appeals to pathos through the use of personal experience.In Hooks writing she had one specific purpose. She wanted to help people clear the depth and complexities of racial injustice. She is also informing the reader that racism is something that not many people imply too much about. She is stating that we tend to overlook most of our past and present issues of racism and segregation because we have been raised in a world that is not an issue worth worrying about. She writes how hard it is to be a nation that has no multicultural injustices, and that her dream is to one day live a action where everyone can practice freedom. Hooks writing gains credibility from her use of historical context and expert opinions. One of the biggest factors is that she was from the south where white people thought of blacks as Bohemians that had radical ideas of becoming a nation of multicultural equality. The examples of these thoughts is valid because she was a young black girl at the time and witnessed it first hand. In the 1950s through early 1960s segregation was at its peak measure so... ...ndship. As you can see Bell Hooks purpose is successfully back up by credibility justified through the historical context of her writing and expert opinions, and her appeals to pathos through personal experience. Her pu rpose helps you see behind the lines and understand the complexities of racism. Knowing the historical context of her writing establishes her credibility and helps you understand the authors situation. Last, her appeal to pathos is aided by personal experiences in which she wrote, percentage give more meaning and support to her writing because it makes it easier to understand the point that she is trying to get across. So the next time that you are encountered with racism or see it, maybe you will think of Bell Hooks and help make this country a great place to live with freedom and the right of every individual to be equal.

Naturalization of Ideology Essay example -- Social Change, Power Relat

IntroductionCDA adopts an interdisciplinary approach, different methodologies, and varying perspectives for the analysis of data which is predominantly obtained from mixer topics such as racism, identity, social change (Wodak 2006). index finger relationships between the dominant and the dominated social class are the foci of CDA, and considers language use or discourse as a defining characteristic in makeing varied social patterns that emerge as a result of the discursive practices, naturalization of ideology, and orders of discourse. It blends the historical context with the contemporary contexts to interpret the element of social change. CDA believes in the practice, application, and availability of results to the experts so that select discursive and social practices could be both interpreted and transformed. How does the naturalization of ideology come about? Ideologies are psychic systems that organize socially shared attitudes, and these mental systems are social represent ations that function as models which control how people act, speak or write or how they understand the social practices of others (van Dijk, 1995 2). Naturalization can be understood as an unconscious process whereby beliefs, values, ideas, perceptions, and modes of thinking of a society and a class are internalized at a certain point in time (Yewah 1993). Naturalization gives to particular ideological representations the status of common sense, and thereby makes them opaque and no longer distinct as ideologies (Fairclough, 1995a 42). A certain discourse type dominates other discourses to the extent that it is no longer arbitrary and is viewed as natural. However, the balance of forces in social conflict determine the extent of naturaliza... ...iwanese press. Discourse and Society, 16(3) 393-418.Lefevere, A. (1992b). Translation/ History /Culture A Sourcebook. New York Routledge.Martinez-Roland, C. M. & Malave, G. (2004). Language Ideologies Mediating Literacy and Identity in Bil ingual Contexts. Journal of Early childishness Literacy, 4(2) 155-180.van Dijk, T. (1993) Discourse and Elite Racism, London Sage.Wodak, R. (1996) Disorders of Discourse, London Longman.Wodak, R. (1997) life-sustaining discourse analysis, in T. van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction, London Sage.Wodak, R. (2006). Critical linguistics and critical discourse analysis in Verschueren, J. and stman, J. (eds) Handbook of Pragmatics John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam.Emmanuel Yewah, E. (1993). Ideology and the de/naturalization of meaning in the Cameroonian novel, Afrika Focus, Vol. 9, Nr. 3-4, pp. 179-192.

Sigmund Freud Essay -- essays research papers

IntroductionSigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856. When he was four years old his family go to Vienna. Due to his Jewish heritage, Freud left for England when the Nazis took control of Austria. Freud always considered himself first and foremost a scientist, endeavoring to extend the compass of human knowledge, and to his end, he enrolled at the medical school at the University of Vienna in 1873.Sigmund Freud elaborated the theory that the mind is a analyzable energy-system, the structural investigation of which is proper province of psychology. He articulated and refined the concepts of the unconscious, of infantile sexuality, of repression, and proposed a tri-partite account of the minds structure, all as part of a radically new conceptual and therapeutic frame of compose for the understanding of human psychological development and the treatment of abnormal mental conditions. Freuds innovative treatment of human actions, dreams, and indeed of cultura l artefacts as invariably possessing unverbalized symbolic significance has proven to be extraordinarily fecund, and has had massive implications for a wide variety of fields, including anthropology, semiotics, and artistic creativity and appreciation in addition to psychology. AccomplishmentsSigmund Freud grueling originally on biology, doing look for in physiology for six years under the great German scientist Ernest von Brucke. After that he focused in neurology. While at the university, in 1874 he discovered anti-Jewish prejudices and declared his place is with the opposition. He traveled to Manchester, Britain, to see his half brother, Philippe, and his niece Pauline, in 1875. The following year he did his first face-to-face research in Trieste, on sexual glands of anguilas. That sane year he joined Bruckes laboratory. In 1877, Freud published the end result of his anatomical research on the central nervous system of a specific larva. In 1880, he did a year of military serv ice. Freud received his medical degree in 1881. Having become engaged to be married in 1882, he rather unwillingly took up more dependable and financially rewarding work as a doctor at Vienna General Hospital. Shortly after his marriage in 1886, which was extremely happy, and gave hi... ... unconscious in its place. What he discovered, it has been suggested, was the extreme preponderance of child sexual abuse, particularly of young girls, even in respectable nineteenth century Vienna. He did in fact offer an early seduction theory of neuroses. He quickly withdrew this theory because of it being discouraged , and replaced with theory of the unconscious. ConclusionIn whole, Sigmund Freud is one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. Over the years, his work became more complex and wider in scope, less influenced by biology, and more humane. Once his name was established, people traveled to see him and wrote to him from all over the world. What these people sensed in him was his interest, his might to put himself in their place, and his generous desire to help them.Work CitedCf. Masson, J. The Assault on Truthhttp//www.freudfile.org/chronology_1.htmlhttp//www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.htmlhttp//www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/freud.htmlhttp//members.aol.com/sidarth20/page3/www.allpsych.comwww.insomnium.co.uk

Lord of the Rings :: essays research papers

In the The Lord of the Rings, by J. Tolken, there are many things that make the story symbolic of a Christian influence. The unending emphasis of good vs. evil brings forth reason to suspect that this novel has a Christian basis. In this paper I will prove and moderation my personal opinion through sighting specific examples of the influences from the concur.Iluvatar is similar to a Christian god and the Valar are something in the middle of Christian angels and the gods of pagan myth. The highest of the Valar was Morgoth, who lead a satanic rebellion Sauron was the lieutenant of Morgoth. The Lord of the Rings is exclusively one chapter of that mythology it continues the fight of good (Iluvatar) vs. evil (Morgoth).One of the people in the book that particularly stood out was gobbler Bombadil. Tom says one of his purposes is to "teach the right road, and keep your feet from wandering." In the watchword it says, "...your ears will hear a voice idler you, saying, thi s is the way walk in it." (Is. 3021). As the hobbits begin their journey, they fall into trouble with Old Man Willow and are rescued by Tom Bombadil, who possesses power over Nature. They dont really understand who he is, all he will say is, Eldest is what I am. In Christian Philosophy the eldest are the wisest and best at making disicions it seems that Tom represtents that elderst wise man. Tom acts almost like an angel it seems, he will only help when worst comes too worst to intervene in outside affairs. This is what Tom Bombadil does in rescuing the hobbits from Old Man Willow.Another one of the big things is the caustic rider who is the servants of the enemy. Though all Free People oppose Sauron, the elves have been his greatest enemy, which is why the Black Rider immediately leaves when he hears the elves voices. Elves are deathless (unless slain) In one of the scenes the Riders chase down Fro do at the Ford. As they wade their horses into the river, they are swept away in an enormous, magical flood. In the bible the story of Joshua, the waters of the river are "stacked up" in a similar manner, allowing Gods people to cross into the promised land before the river resumes flood stage. And remember the make out with Moses and the Red Sea?

Boosting Chicagos Economy through the Chicago First Procurement Ordina

In an effort to strengthen the economy of gelt, Mayor Rahm Emanuel introduced the Chicago first procurement ordinance, to the city council. The ordinance was presented to the council on Jan 18, 2012. The ordinance is being co-sponsored by 27th Ward Alderman Walter Burnett. (www.mayorsandcities.com)Therefore looking at this from the beginning what is Procurement. Procurement is a contract agreement in which a emptor agrees to acquire goods or improvements from a seller in exchange for consideration for future telephone circuit contracts. An ordinance is a law typically at the city level. The Chicago First ordinance will create a public-private partnership between the city of Chicago and local occupationes. The ordinance will non do this through direct funding to a particular business, but to serve as helping with development of business in the local community. city Hall should not be a barrier to Chicagos local businesses growth and ability to succeed in this economy. When Chi cago companies get business in Chicago they stay in Chicago, and so do the jobs they provide, said Mayor Emanuel. (chicagotribune.com) The Chicago First ordinance will provide local manufacturing and service industry benefits on contracts. (mayorsandcities.com)The new law will do this by great(p) local companies an edge over out-of-town organizations when there are analogous bids. (http//www.mayorsandcities.com) If everything else is equal, it is in the best interests of Chicago assesspayers to award a contract to a local company that has chosen to run it business here, employ Chicagoans and contribute tax revenue to the city. Said Emanuel (chicagotribune.com) In other words the new law will help business and taxpayers of the city.The reason behind the Mayor... ... do this is through giving business more of an incentive to be here. Doing this will create jobs, which in turn will create more revenue for the city. The ordinance has support from the business community and will pro bably receive support from the public. This is a good decision by the Mayor to pursue, because the ordinance will help reinvest in Chicago and its citizens. The legislation promises to be transparent when or if implementation of this law occurs. Works Citedhttp//www.sacbee.com/2012/01/18/4197091/chicagoland-chamber-applauds-mayor.htmlhttp//articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-18/business/chi-emanuel-backs-chicagofirst-bidding-preference-for-local-companies-20120118_1_bidding-preference-chicago-awards-contracts)http//www.mayorsandcities.com/usa-canada/new-policies-would-reward-local-businesses-for-operating-and-providing-jobs-in-chicago

Medical Research and Dependent People Essay -- Medicine Science Argume

Medical Research and Dependent PeopleHow may children and other dependent individuals are subjects in research projects to which they cannot consent and from which they cannot benefit? This national was much discussed in the United States about twenty-five years ago, but has recently reemerged in the discussion of the European Convention on bioethics and through sure discussion in the medical literature of the kinds of consent and experiments appropriate in the Third World. I summarize the U.S. discussion and solution, present the current European discussion, and quit with a proposal for understanding and organizing the participation of dependent people in medical experiments. Most of the attempts to understand dependent individuals participation in non-therapeutic experiments have seek to assimilate that participation to a model of informed consent appropriate for adults. I argue that such understanding is false to the nature both of dependance and non-therapeutic experiments. T he dependency of childhood, which serves my model, is best viewed in the context of a family committed to the full development of children. Given that commitment, the family involves itself in many activities in the hope of the physical, intellectual and moral development of its members. Non-therapeutic experiments are best seen, not in terms of risk, but in terms of the time and energy commitments they require of participants. Given these understandings of dependency and non-therapeutic experiments, I argue that care-givers are competent to involve themselves and their dependents in scientific work. How may children and other dependent individuals be subjects in research projects to which they cannot consent and from which they canno... ...and the Freedom to obtain Risks, NEJM (1982) 3071157.Paul Ramsey, The Patient as Person (New Haven, 1973).Paul Ramsey, The Enforcement of Morals Nontherapeutic Research on Children, Hastings Center Report 6(1976), 26 - 28.Paul Ramsey, Some Rejo inders, journal of Religious Ethics (1976) 4215 - 223.Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (Washington, D.C. 1948), reprinted in Mappes and DeGrazia, biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1996), p. 199.United States National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Research Involving Children Report and Recommendations (Washington, D.C., 1977).World Medical Association, Declaration of Helsinki Recommendations Guiding Physicians in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, Reprinted in JAMA, (1979) 277 925 - 926.

Identification of Bloodstain Patterns

The epitome of bloodstain patterns can be a decisive part of a rhetorical investigation. The patterns of bloodstains may concur with or dispute the sworn statements of witnesses, victims, and suspects. Such bloodstain patterns simply identify the source of the blood and the direction of the bloods flight path, but during the process, the events of the crime can be conjecture with reasonable accuracy. Unfortunately, the old method of analyzing bloodstain patterns, which uses thread, requires much time and effort. It is also subject to human error.To reduce human error, mathematical calculations are used instead, along with a computer software program known as Back Track. Yet, a three-dimensional representation of the results of bloodstain analysis will be more convincing in any court representation. Therefore, in an effort to revolutionize this aspect of forensic investigation, a concerted effort by four researchers from three agencies, Ottawa constabulary Service, Carleton Univ ersity and Royal Canadian Mounted Police, was conducted using the AutoCAD software. The researchers were Kevin Maloney, A. L.Carter, Scott Jory, and Brian Yamashita. The results of their studies were reported in an bind published by the Journal of Forensic Investigation, in 2005, volume 55, issue 6, and pages 711 to 725. The article attempts to demonstrate how the combined use of AutoCAD and Back Track programs can create three-dimensional representations of a bloodstain analysis. Summary and Critique The overall purpose of Maloney, Carter, Jory, and Yamashita is to explore the possibleness of creating a three-dimensional representation of an analysis of bloodstain patterns.They utilize a simulated crime scene that is typically used at the Canadian Police College. The weft of this crime scene is to have known bloodstain patterns with which the results of the combination of Back Track and AutoCAD can be compared. Both the impact angles and the glancing angles of the bloodstain tra jectories were incorporated into the program. The comparison shows that the computerized calculations of virtual strings created by the Back Track program match the known location of the blood source, with an average error of six centimeters only. These results prove the precision abilities of the said software.However, a major weakness of this study is its unquestionable reliance on the Back Track program. This program has many limitations and it was even pointed out later in 2006 by Andy Maloney (the relationship to one of the researchers is not described). For example, the Back Track is incapable of computing angled surfaces (Maloney, 2006). Yet, despite the limitations, the efficacy of using the program is grounded on established supposition and supported by experimental validation (Carter, 2001). There would be expected errors but these are assumed to be insignificant in the overall investigation.At the corresponding time, the software is known to undergo updates and modifica tions. The greatest strength of this research is the launching of a better interface between the laboratory science of the forensic team and the assessment abilities of the court. The AutoCAD program has a feature that locks the virtual strings and enables any user to view them from different perspectives. The three-dimensional representation of the analysis of bloodstain patterns is, as the researchers concluded, passing useful in court presentation (Maloney, et. al. , 2005, p. 724).This article, as well as the research study that it describes, can be considered as a milestone towards a revolutionary aspect of bloodstain pattern analysis. Instead of numbers presented in tabular form or in picture graphs, the results of the analysis can be presented in three dimensions. In three dimensions, the court presentation becomes more realistic, more convincing, and more enlightening, such that the jury can make better assessments. But this article, as far as the advances in forensic scienc e in general and in bloodstain pattern analysis in particular go, can be considered pretty obsolete.There are now new software or computer programs that can be utilized to produce the same three-dimensional results (Kanable, 2006). This means that in conducting an analysis of bloodstain patterns, a forensic investigator has other options, aside from the combined use of the Back Track program and the AutoCAD. But this wider range of technological tools does not trim down from the greatest significance of this article. This article, in great detail and with diagrams, shows how the observed and calculated data are translated into three dimensions. Thus, this article is a recommended reading for every forensic science student.Bibliography Carter, A. L. (2001). The directional analysis of bloodstain patterns theory and experimental validation. Canadian Society of Forensic Science, 34 (4), 173-189. Kanable, R. (2006). HemoSpat New bloodstain pattern analysis software to hit the market. honor Enforcement Technology, August issue. Retrieved September 28, 2007 from the website of Officer. com at http//www. officer. com/publication/article. jsp? pubId=1&id=32890 Maloney, K. , Carter, A. L. , Jory, S. , & Yamashita, B. (2005). Three-dimensional representation of bloodstain pattern analysis. Journal of Forensic Identification, 55 (6), 711-725.

History of British Literature

Late Medieval Period 14th Century British Literature 14th and 15th were index point of transition from feudalism to pre-industrial era. A time of policy-making, social and ideological conflicts England was in war mentalityh France (the hundred yr war 1337-1453 Edwards claim to the French kitty and attempt to bring England, Gascony and Flanders under unified political control). The defeats in France lead to deepening the internal crisis. The deccourse in agriculture together with the rise in the population resulted in frequent famines and helped the spread during the 14th c. of the Black Death. 381 The Peasants Revolt. Culture by 15th century England had survive a nation with the sensation of separate identity and indigenous culture 1362- position became the official language in court and was also used in schools. 14thc. witnessed the first original literary works written in side. Middle face writings English literature of the medieval period, c. 1100 to c. 1500. Backgro und The Norman conquest of England in 1066 traditionally signifies the cast 1 of 200 years of the domination of French in English letters. French cultural dominance, moreover, was general in Europe at this time.French language and culture replaced English in polite court society and had lasting effects on English culture. But the native tradition survived, although little 13th-century, and charge less 12th-century, usual literature is extant, since most of it was transmitted orally. Anglo-Saxon fragmented into several dialects and gradually evolved into Middle English, which, despite an admixture of French, is unquestionably English. By the mid-14th cent. , Middle English had become the literary as well as the spoken language of England. The Early PeriodSeveral poems in early Middle English argon extant. TheOrrmulum(c. 1200), a poetize supplanting of crack ups of the Gospels, is of linguistic and prosodic rather than literary interest. Of approximately the same date,TheOwl an d the Nightingale(see separate article) is the first example in English of thedebat,a popular Continental form in the poem, the owl, strictly monastic and didactic, and the nightingale, a free and amorous secular spirit, charmingly debate the virtues of their respective ways of life. The 13th Century Middle English prose of the 13th cent. ontinued in the tradition of Anglo-Saxon prose? homiletic, didactic, and directed toward ordinary people rather than polite society. The Katherine Group (c. 1200), comprising three saints lives, is typical. TheAncren Riwle(c. 1200) is a manual for prospective anchoresses it was rattling popular, and it greatly influenced the prose of the 13th and 14th cent. The fact that there was no French prose tradition was very important to the preservation of the English prose tradition. In the 13th cent. theromance, an important continental narrative verse form, was introduced in England.It drew from three rich sources of character and adventure the legends of Charlemagne, the legends of ancient Greece and Rome, and the British legends of faggot Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. LayamonsBrut, a late 13th-century metrical romance (a translation from the French), marks the first appearance of Arthurian matter in English (seeArthurian legend). lord English romances based upon indigenous material includeKing HornandHavelok the Dane, both 13th-century works that retain elements of the Anglo-Saxon heroic tradition.However, French romances, notably the Arthurian romances ofChretien de Troyes, were far more influential than their English counterparts. In England French romances popularized ideas of adventure and heroism quite contrary to those of Anglo-Saxon heroic literature and were representative of all different values and tastes. Ideals ofcourtly spot, together with its elaborate manners and rituals, replaced those of the heroic code adventure and feats of courage were pursued for the interest group of the knights lady rath er than for the sake of the heros honor or the glory of his tribal king.Continental verse forms based on metrics and rime replaced the Anglo-Saxon alliterative line in Middle English poesy (with the important exception of the 14th-century alliterative revival). Many French literary forms also became popular, among them thefabliau the exemplum, or moral tale the animal fable and the dream vision. The continental representative tradition, which derived from classical literature, is exemplified by theRoman de la Rose, which had a strong impact on English literature. Medieval works of literature often plaza on a popular rhetorical figure, such as theubi sunt,which remarks on the inevitability? nd sadness? of change, loss, and death and thecursor mundi,which harps on the vanity of kind grandeur. A 15,000-line 13th-century English poem, theCursor Mundi,retells human history (i. e. , the medieval version? biblical plus classical story) from the point of take up its title implies. A nu mber of 13th-century secular and religious Middle English lyrics are extant, including the exuberantSumer Is Icumen In, barely like Middle English literature in general, thelyricreached its fullest flower during the act half of the 14th cent. Lyrics continued popular in the 15th cent. from which time theballadalso dates. The Fourteenth Century The poetry of the alliterative revival (seealliteration), the unexplained reemergence of the Anglo-Saxon verse form in the 14th cent. , includes some of the best poetry in Middle English. The Christian allegoryThePearl(see separate article) is a poem of great intricacy and sensibility that is meaningful on several symbolic levels. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,by the same anonymous author, is also of high literary sophistication, and its intelligence, realisticness, and symbolic interest render it possibly the finest Arthurian poem in English.Other important alliterative poems are the moral allegoryPiers ploughman,attri plainlyed to Will iamLangland, and the alliterativeMorte Arthur,which, like tight all English poetry until the mid-14th cent. , was anonymous. The works of GeoffreyChaucermark the brilliant culmination of Middle English literature. ChaucersThe Canterbury Talesare stories told each other by pilgrims? who comprise a very colorful cross section of 14th-century English society? on their way to the shrine at Canterbury. The tales are cast into many different verse forms and genres and collectively explore virtually every probatory medieval theme.Chaucers wise and humane work also illuminates the full scope of medieval thought. Overshadowed by Chaucer but of some note are the works of JohnGower. The Fifteenth Century The 15th cent. is not distinguished in English letters, due in part to the social dislocation caused by the prolonged Wars of the Roses. Of the many 15th-century imitators of Chaucer the best- cognize are JohnLydgateand ThomasHoccleve. Other poets of the time include StephenHawesand Alexande rBarclayand the Scots poets WilliamDunbar, RobertHenryson, and GawinDouglas.The poetry of JohnSkelton, which is mostly satiric, combines medieval and Renaissance elements. WilliamCaxtonintroduced printing to England in 1475 and in 1485 printed Sir ThomasMalorysMorte dArthur. This prose work, written in the twilight ofchivalry, casts the Arthurian tales into coherent form and realizes them with an awareness that they represent a vanishing way of life. Themiracle play, a long cycle of short plays based upon biblical episodes, was popular throughout the Middle Ages in England. Themorality play, an allegorical drama centering on the struggle for mans soul, originated in the 15th cent.The finest of the genre isEveryman. English Society in the 14th Century Summary The Canterbury Tales is set in fourteenth-century London, unrivalled of the medieval periods great centers of commerce and culture. In England at this time, society was still very strictly ordered, with the King and nobles ha ving all power in things political and the Catholic Church having all authority in eldritch matters. English Society in the 14th Century The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is recognized as the first book of poetry written in the English language.This is because poetry was often written in Italian or Latin not English, heretofore writers from England wrote in the other languages because English was considered low class and vulgar, but after Chaucers writings were published they became a recognized and legitimate work. The Canterbury Tales gives modern readers a correct judgment of language in the 14th century as it also gives a rich, elaborated tapestry of medieval social life, combining elements of all classes, from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.The view of the Canterbury Tales universe held up as a precise reflection of English society in the 14th century is significantly correct, because they were very attached to the perfor m and beliefs and the way they all act in the Tales shows how they really were a society of the Church. The Canterbury Tales is set in fourteenth-century London, one of the medieval periods great centers of commerce and culture. In England at this time, society was still very strictly ordered, with the King and nobles having all power in things political and the Catholic Church having all authority in spiritual matters.However, trade and commerce with other nations had expanded dramatically in this century, prominent rise to a new and highly vocal middle class comprised of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, and skillful craftsmen. The story starts with a general prologue that provides a panoramic view of society England begins the period with wars, unrest, and almost chaos it concludes with a settled dynasty, a reformed religion, and a people united and progressive. England in 1300 was well on the way to rapid expansion. It was rapidly increasing in intellectual and mathematical so phistication.Technically, thanks to water power and the mechanical discoveries that flowed from it, England was in the midst of what many historians call the Medieval Industrial Revolution. One reason there seems to be such a break amongst the Middle Ages and the Renaissance was that there was in fact a break. The 14th Century was a time of turmoil, diminished expectations, loss of confidence in institutions, and feelings of weakness at forces beyond human contro. lThe 14th century in Europe was a time of great unrest. This as primarily caused by the outbreak of bubonic plague better known as the Black Death. Another cause were the peasant revolts, and the schism within the Catholic Church. The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is recognized as the first book of poetry written in the English language. This is because poetry was often written in Italian or Latin not English, even writers from England wrote in the other languages because English was considered low class and vulgar, but after Chaucers writings were published they became a recognized and legitimate work.The Canterbury Tales gives modern readers a groovy judgment of language in the 14th century as it also gives a rich, elaborated tapestry of medieval social life, combining elements of all classes,from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves. The view of the Canterbury Tales being held up as a precise reflection of English society in the 14th century is significantly correct, because they were very attached to the perform and beliefs and the way they all act in the Tales shows how they really were a society of the Church.Alliterative verse 8th 14th century AD The story of English literature begins with the Germanic tradition of the Anglo-Saxon settlers. Beowulfstands at its head. This epic poem of the 8th century is inAnglo-Saxon, now more usually described as archaic English. It is incomprehensible to a reader familiar only with modern English. Even so, there is a continuous linguistic development between the two. The most significant turning point, from to the highest degree 1100, is the development of Middle English differing from Old English in the addition of a French vocabulary after theNorman conquest.French and Germanic influences subsequently compete for the mainstream role in English literature. The French poetic tradition inclines to lines of a regular metrical length, usually linked by rhyme into couplets or stanzas. German poetry depends more on rhythm and stress, with repeated consonants (alliteration) to bind the phrases. Elegant or subtle rhymes deplete a courtly flavour. The throbbing blows of alliteration are a type of verbal athleticism more likely to draw applause in a hall full of warriors.Both traditions accomplish a magnificent flowering in England in the late 14th century, towards the end of the Middle English period. Piers plowerandSir Gawainare masterpieces which look back to Old English. By contrastCh aucer, a poet of the court, ushers in a new era of English literature. Piers Plowman and Sir Gawain 14th century AD Of these two great English alliterative poems, the second is on the whole anonymous and the first virtually so. The narrator ofPiers Plowmancalls himself Will occasional references in the text suggest that his name may be Langland.Nothing else, apart from this poem, is known of him. Piers Plowman exists in three versions, the longest amounting to more than 7000 lines. It is considered probable that all three are by the same author. If so he spends some twenty years, from about 1367, adjusting and refining his epic creation. Piers the ploughman is one of a group of characters searching for Christian truth in the complex setting of a dream. Though in the main a spiritual quest, the work also has a political element. It contains sharply observed details of a corrupt and materialistic age (Wycliffeis among Langlands English contemporaries).WherePiers Plowmanis tough and gritty,Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(dating from the same period) is more polished in its manner and more courtly in its content. The characters derive partly fromArthurian legend. A mysterious jet plane knight arrives one Christmas at the court of King Arthur. He invites any knight to strike him with an axe and to receive the blow back a year later. Gawain accepts the challenge. He cuts off the head of the green knight, who rides away with it. The rest of the poem concerns Gawain, a year later, at the green knights castle. In a tale of love (for the green knights wife) and subsequent eceit, Gawain emerges with little honour. The green knight spares his life but sends him home to Arthurs court wearing the wifes girdle as a badge of shame. Geoffrey Chaucer at court AD 1367-1400 In 1367 one of four new yeomen of the chamber in the household of Edward III is Geoffrey Chaucer, then aged about twenty-seven. The young mans wife, Philippa, is already a lady-in-waiting to the queen. A fe w years later Chaucer becomes one of the kings esquires, with duties which include entertaining the court with stories and music. There can rarely have been a more divine appointment.Chaucers poems are designed to be read aloud, in the first instance by himself. Their range, from high romance to bawdy comedy, is well calculated to hold the listeners spellbound. well-bred circles in England are his first audience. Chaucers public career is one of almost unbroken success in two consecutive reigns. He undertakes diplomatic missions overseas on behalf of the king he is given administrative posts, such as controlling the customs, which bring lodgings and handsome stipends. Even occasional disasters (such as being robbed twice in four days in 1390 and losing ? 0 of Richard IIs money) do him no lasting harm. A measure of Chaucers skill as a courtier is that during the 1390s, when he is in the employment ofRichard II, he also receives gifts at Christmas from Richards rival, Bolingbroke. When Bolingbroke unseats Richard II in 1399, taking his place on the throne asHenry IV, Chaucer combines diplomacy and wit to secure his position. Having lost his royal appointments, he reminds the new king of his predicament in a poem entitled The Complaint of Chaucer to his Empty Purse. The last line of each verse begs the purse to be heavy again, or else must I die.Henry IV hears the message. The court poet is given a new annuity. Henry is for certain aware that he is keeping in his royal circle a poet of great distinction. Chaucers reputation is such that, when he dies in the following year, he is give the very unusual honour for a commoner of being buried in Westminster abbey. Troilus and Criseyde AD 1385 Chaucers first masterpiece is his subtle answer for of the wooing of Criseyde by Troilus, with the active encouragement of Criseydes uncle Pandarus. The tender joys of their love affair are followed by Criseydes betrayal and Troiluss death in battle.Chaucer adapts to his own purposes the more conventionally dramatic account of this legendary affair written some fifty years earlier byBoccaccio(probably read by Chaucer when on a mission to Florence in 1373). His own very long poem (8239 lines) is written in the early 1380s and is complete by 1385. Chaucers tone is delicate, subtle, oblique though this does not prevent him from introducing and gently satirising many vivid details of life at court, as he guides the reader through the long psychological intrigue by which Pandarus eventually delivers Troilus into Criseydes bed.The charm and detail of the poem, giving an intimate glimpse of a courtly world, is akin to the delightful miniatures which illustrate books of hours of this period in the style known asInternational Gothic. Yet this delicacy is only one side of Chaucers abundant talent as he soon proves inThe Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales AD 1387-1400 Collections of tales are a favourite literary convention of the 14th century. Boccaccio sDecameronis the best-known example before Chaucers time, but Chaucer inThe Canterbury Talesoutshines his predecessors.He does so in the range and vitality of the stories in his collection, from the courtly tone of The Knights Tale to the rough and often obscene humour of those known technically asfabliaux. He does so also in the detail and humour of the framework holding the stories together. His account of the pilgrims as they ride from London to Canterbury, with their uninterrupted bickering and rivalry, amounts to a comic masterpiece in its own right. The pilgrims, thirty of them including Chaucer himself, gather one spring day at the Tabard in Southwark.The host of the inn, incrust Bailly, is a real contemporary of Chaucers (his name features in historical records). He will act as their guide on the route to Canterbury and he proposes that they diminish the time on their journey by telling stories. Each pilgrim is to tell two on the way out and two on the way back. Whoever i s judged to have told the best tale will have a free supper at the Tabard on their return. Of this ambitious total of 120 stories, Chaucer completes only 24 by the time of his death. Even so the collection amounts to some 17,000 lines mainly of rhyming verse, but with some passages of prose.The pilgrims represent all sections of society from gentry to humble craftsmen (the only absentees are the labouring poor, unable to afford a pilgrimage of this kind). There are respectable people from the various classes such as the knight, the parson and the yeoman but the emphasis falls mainly on characters who are pretentious, scurrilous, mendacious, avaricious or lecherous. The pilgrims are vividly described, one by one, in ChaucersPrologue. The relationships between them evolve in the linking passages between the tales, as Harry Bailly arranges who shall speak next.The pilgrims for the most part tell tales closely related to their station in life or to their personal character. sometimes the anecdotes even reflect mutual animosities. The miller gives a scurrilously comic account of a carpenter being cuckolded. Everyone laughs heartily except the reeve, who began his career as a carpenter. The reeve gets his own back with an equally outrageous tale of the seduction of a millers wife and daughter. But the pilgrim who has most delighted six centuries of readers is the five-times-married wife of Bath, taking a lusty pleasure in her own appetites and richly scorning the ideals of celibacy.

Improving Patient Safety by Utilizing Information Technology Essay

As the push towards patient safety increases with regulatory agencies such as the Florida Agency for Healthc be administration (ACHA) and The Joint Commission (TJC), formerly the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), highlighting the need for higher qualities of standard, hospitals such as Memorial Hospital Pembroke in Hollywood Florida are interested in finding ways of achieving optimal patient care standards and propel themselves up the sway of top performers on key quality measures.Of equal importance is the need to optimize the bell effectiveness of this quality of care by reducing length of hospital stay and reducing instances of readmissions for the same or related complaints. Individual part such as pharmacy, radiology and laboratory each have computerized systems specific onlyy aimed at task completion within the department taking no thought of the dissemination of that information across the spectrum of not plainly(prenominal) medical d epartments scarcely also to administrative and clerical departments.With the advent of care possesses such as computer physician order entry(CPOE) and electronic medication administration record systems(EMARs) aimed at both quality and personify effectiveness the necessity exist to provide all needed information including medical records, radiological imagery such as CT scans, MRIs, and laboratory results at the immediate disposal of the practitioner. Administrative departments such as billing, medical records, medical supplies, and social services requiring real time updates on care administered, supplies expended in administering this care and follow up required in order to complete the continuum of care.There is on that pointfore the need to integrate all these miscellaneous clinical and administrative processes into a single efficient hospital based system of make unnecessaryy of care. Electronic Health Record systems (EHRs) are not only designed to provide such services e ntirely also information to patients and stores and manages data collected on patients. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 provided $34 one thousand thousand via Medicare and Medicaid for the slaying and use of EHRs.Two such systems EpicCare and HCS eMR respectively define themselves as follows. The EpicCare Inpatient Clinical System spans all hospital departments and specialties, giving providers the tools they need to deliver safe, high-quality care. EpicCares role-based navigators simplify relevant information access for physicians, nurses, therapists, dietitians and any other provider in the hospital setting HCS eMR meaningful use software is a Workflow Driven / Focused solution focused on high User Adoption. HCS eMR works for your hospital because itBuilds on existing processes such as music Reconciliation Integrates with existing technology to streamline processes Leverages sophisticated rules and timely alerts to drive success Can be implemented qu ickly and is fully adopted Is scotch Organizational and individual restraints to proposed change Several potential barriers exist to the implementation of an integrated electronic health records system (EHRs), these include structural, financial/business, technical/professional, and cultural. geomorphologicMemorial Hospital Pembroke is not a standalone hospital rather it is one of five hospitals in the Memorial Hospital System (MHS) formerly known as the South Broward Hospital district of Florida, as such much consideration has to be given to the eventual implementation across the system not only to Pembroke itself. Diversity in buyers and payers of supplies and services across the system would impact heavily on integration. There are also different providers of information technology in various departments that would have to be modified to enable integration via a central system of informatics.Financial and business The infrastructural implementation of EHR systems requires ini tial high dollar investment which in the current economic environment may require budgetary restraints on other services and supplies. Although the intent is clear and the potential promising, there is limited evidence of the economic benefits of EHR systems in healthcare mainly because it is in its infancy, the hospital board of governors may require elongated due diligence studies foregoing agreeing to any such change. Cultural The cost-benefits across the continuum of providers e. g. octors, nurses and recipients e. g. patients of healthcare have yet to be realized and as such much caution and resistance is to be anticipated.Clinicians inclusive of nurses envision health informatics particularly EHRs as being time consuming and takes away from, autonomy, actual time spent with patients, also overage habits are hard to break, and question what personal benefits are to be gain from this intrusive system. Not to be ignored is the additional scrutiny as all processes will be docu mented at time of process and provides a permanent record, errors cannot be deleted.Departments who previously had autonomy on how information is transferred and disseminated from the individual department to other practitioners may show reluctance to opening up to the scrutiny of others. Patients also will be required to accommodate intrusion, as with the availability of previously restricted information at the bedside from computers on wheels (COWs) more time may be spent at the bedside by practitioners instead of doing time consuming reviews and qualification notes prior to patients rounds.The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) which provides federally regulated protection of patients health information held by healthcare professionals, is another possible barrier that impact the implementation of the proposed change, and care has to be taken to limit the unnecessary access of patients data. Factors influencing proposed changeImportant factors t hat may affect whether implementation of an EHR at Memorial Pembroke is employed include, how receptive management and faculty are to the change, the existence of available EHR systems providers versus in-house creation of a system, Cost of purchasing, implementing and maintaining a system and if musical accompaniment is available, real benefits to be attained, are they measurable, and structural, cultural and financial readiness of the organization for the change. Receptiveness of management and caterIf the existing system works for staff or is perceived to work then many questions arise among the participants why does there need to be this intrusive change. Can the proposed benefits to be realized justify the croak and inconvenience to come and am I going to be remunerated for my efforts? Available EHR systems There are many systems already on the market including EPICare inpatient-core HCS eMR and ChartAcess which are ready for implementation have a system of support and main tenance.Although these are expensive systems, to build an in-house system replicating these would be time consuming and require extensive developmental processes that would certainly result in delay in implementing such a system. Cost May be divided into acquisition and maintenance, acquisition cost include cost of software, training, installation, paper to electronic conversion and implementation productivity loss, which may not be measurable. Maintenance cost includes upgrades, replacement of hardware and immanent and external support cost.Acquisition cost will be significant and may impact on the ability of the organization to meet other budgetary demands. Maintenance cost are spread out over time and may not be as impacting, also the possibility exist that cost savings from the use of the EHRs employed may offset maintenance cost. Factors influencing organizational readiness There are certain basic requirements of readiness which Memorial Pembroke must meet in order to be read y for health IT without which failure is almost assured.These are Organizational finis, Management and leadership, Operational and Technical readiness. Organizational culture defined as an assessment of how the organization perceives EHR, general staff and physicians perceptions and patient involvement. Does Memorial Pembroke view EHR as a liability or as an asset, is the staff open to what is better for the patient or are they more concerned about turf protection, are nurses prepared to record even the most mild detail if it means a better boilersuit picture of the state of the patient.Management and leadership does the organization have the management that appreciates the importance of the change to the overall goals of the organization and is there a readiness to apply necessary resources to include human resources, financial resources and information and to manage these resources not only for current but also future EHR needs. Is there an executive team, a strategic plan, qu ality improvement and care management, and sound financial management?Operational readiness takes into consideration, protocols, operational procedures, staffing needs for the implementation, training plans and programs, preparedness of project managers and IT staff for the implementation. Technical readiness considers the organizations technical environment and information technology capabilities to deal with and absorb the change. Is there enough server capacity, a rational process of procurement also potential for growth and development of the department? In short can they handle it? abstractive model related to proposed changeThe model best related to this organizational change which seeks to enhance the institution as a whole in the publicity of improved quality of care for patients as also to optimize the organizations ability to be effective in the administrative process and other peripheral processes affect in this change is organizational development. Organizational c hange targets the entire organization and creates a climate of open discussion with valued feedback which helps to reinforce or stipulate to the change. It depends on the utilization of process consultants to alleviate interventions and to manage the change.Internal and external resources to support change Within the organization several resources may be plant which may facilitate or enhance the change to be implemented, these include competent senior management who portray a sense of confidence and facilitate dialogue with staff thus enabling them to be active participants, a strong human resource department that arranges and implement training programs aimed at preparing staff for the change. A vibrant IT department with competent personnel knowledgeable in IT systems that can facilitate incorporation of new technology to its network.Staff that are trainable and who infer the dynamism of the organization and of change and are willing to adapt in order to meet organizational go als. Externally advantage has to be taken of a proven provider of EHRs that has the experience and support infrastructure that will facilitate attainment of the organizational goals. Independent consultants who are experienced in the change to be implemented, and who are able to monitor and manage the change at each stage of implementation. Research data that provide information aimed at making certain decisions, provided by research specialist and not ad hoc pieces of information.

My School

School is a temple of learning and a training ground for future citizens. The piss of my school is JB High School. It was set up in 1943 by a land-lord in our area. He donated land and money for the school. The atmosphere in which our school is laid is very pleasant. It is surrounded by a play ground on one side and a garden with a small pond on the other. The school has deuce rows of big buildings. The name of the school is written on the scarecrow building. There are ten class rooms in the front building.Other ten rooms in the back building are used for different purposes such as the Head Masters Office, Library, the Clerks Office, the Science Laboratory, the Teachers Common-room, the N. C. C. and Scout Room, and so forth There is also a hostel in our school campus. There are twenty teachers, a PET, a librarian, a clerk and two peons in our school. All the teachers are qualified and experienced. The Head Master is a learned man. He teaches Science and Geography. He also teaches English.The total number of students of our school is active five hundred. We go to school in uniform. The uniform for boys consists of blue half-pant and white half shirt. For girls it consists of blue skirt and white blouse. The school functions from 10. 30 A. M. to 4 P. M. classes take after a mass prayer. During the recess hour we go to play ground. Some students also go to library and read newspaper there. In games stopover we play football, volley ball, etc. Girl students play ring ball too.The library of our school is a big one. There are about two thousand books on different subjects we have a library period in our weekly routine. We borrow books from our library and refund them after a week. We look out the Republic Day, the Independence Day, the Teachers Day in our school. We also celebrate the Ganesh Puja and the Saraswati Puja in our school. We also hold debate competitions and games and sports all year. The school magazine named the Shree is published every year.In annual examinations the students from our school show brilliant performance. Many students from this school have occupied glorious position in our state. The District Science order is also held in our school. Two years ago a classical teacher from our school won the Governors Award. The discipline, the study atmosphere and the brilliant academic resolving power of our school attract many meritorious students from distant parts of our state. It is an ideal school in all respects.

Hope Is the Thing with Feathers Meaning

bank is the thing with feathers by Emily Dickinson Hope is the thing with feathers That perches in the intelligence.. And sings the tune without the words.. And neer stops. at all. And sweetest in the Gale. is heard And sore must(prenominal) be the set upon That could abash the little Bird That kept so many warm Ive heard it in the chillest land And on the strangest Sea Yet, never, in Extremity It asked a derriere . of Me Dickinson defines commit by comparing it to a snigger (a metaphor) . Stanza wholeness Hope is a thing beca intent it is a feeling the thing/feeling is like a chick.Dickinson uses the view maneuverard dictionary format for a definition scratch line she places the word in a general vagabondegory (thing), and then she differentiates it from everything else in that category. For instance, the definition of a cat would run something like this a cat is a mammal (the first part of the definition places it in a category) the rest of the definition would be wh ich is nocturnal, fur-bearing, hunts at night, has pointed ears, etc. (the second part of the definition differentiates the cat from other all mammals). How would anticipate perch, and why does it perch in the soul?As you read this verse form, keep in mind that the subject is forecast and that the maam metaphor is only defining consent. Whatever is being said of the bird applies to hope, and the application to hope is Dickinsons point in this poem. The bird sings. Is this a true(p) or a bad thing? The tune is without words. Is hope a matter of words, or is it a feeling about the future, a feeling which consists ii of desire and expectation? Psychologically, is it true that hope never fails us, that hope is always possible? Stanza two Why is hope sweetest during a storm?When do we virtually need hope, when things be going well or when they are going badly? Sore is being used in the sense of very great(p) or severe abash means to make ashamed, embarrassed, or self-conscio us. Essentially only the most extreme or impossible-to-escape storm would affect the bird/hope. If the bird is abashed what would happen to the respective(prenominal)s hope? In a storm, would being kept warm be a plus or a minus, an advantage or a disadvantage? Stanza three What kind of place would chillest land be? Would you want to vacation there, for instance? Yet in this coldest land, hope kept the individual warm.Is keeping the speaker warm a desirable or an unwanted act in these circumstances? Is the strangest sea a desirable or undesirable place to be? Would you need hope there? The bird, faithful and unabashed, follows and sings to the speaker (Ive heard it) under the worst, the most threatening of circumstances. The last two lines are introduced by Yet. What kind of connection does yet establish with the preceding ideas/stanzas? Does it lead you to expect similarity, contrast, an example, an irrelevancy, a joke? Even in the most critical circumstances the bird never asked for even a crumb in return for its support.What are the associations with crumb? would you be satisfied if your employer offered you a crumb in payment for your educate? Also, is a crumb appropriate for a bird? Emily Dickinsons Hope is the Thing With Feathers, is the VI part of a much larger poem called Life. The poem examines the abstract idea of hope in the free spirit of a bird. Dickinson uses imagery, metaphor, to help describe why Hope is the Thing With Feathers. In the first stanza, Hope is the Thing With Feathers, Dickinson uses the metaphorical image of a bird to describe the abstract idea of hope.Hope, of course, is not an animate thing, it is inanimate, but by giving hope feathers, she begins to acquire an image hope in our minds. The imagery of feathers conjures up hope in itself. Feathers represent hope because feathers enable you to fly and offer the image of flying away(p) to a new hope, a new beginning. In contrast, broken feathers or a broken wing grounds a per son, and conjures up the image of indigent person who has been beaten down by life. Their wings have been broken and they no longer have the power to hope. In the second stanza, That perches in the soul, Dickinson continues to use the imagery of a bird to describe hope.Hope, she is implying, perches or roosts in our soul. The soul is the home for hope. It can also be seen as a metaphor. Hope rests in our soul the way a bird rests on its perch. In the third and fourth stanzas, Ads by Google Famous Haiku PoemsHaiku PoetryFlying BirdsExamples of Poems And sings the tune without the words And never stops at all. Dickinson uses the imagery of a birds continuous cry to represent eternal hope. Birds never stop singing their song of hope. The fifth stanza And sweetest in the gale is heard describes the birds song of hope as sweetest in the wind.It conjures up images of a birds song of hope tin whistle above the sound of gale force winds and offering the promise that soon the storm will end. Dickinson uses the next three lines to metaphorically describe what a person who destroys hope feels like. And sore must be the storm That could abash the little bird That kept so many warm. A person who destroys hope with a storm of anger and negativity feels the pain they cause in others. Dickinson uses a powerful image of a person abashing the bird of hope that gives comfort and warmth for so many.The destroyer of hope causes pain and soreness that hurts them the most. In the first line of the last set of stanzas Ive heard it in the chillest lands, Dickinson offers the reader another flat coat to have hope. It is heard even in the coldest, saddest lands. Hope is eternal and everywhere. The birds song of hope is even heard And on the strangest sea. Hope exists for everyone. In the last two lines, Dickinson informs us that the bird of hope asks for no favor or price in return for its sweet song. Yet never in extremity, It asked a crumb of me. Hope is a free gift.It exists f or all of us. All we must do is not clip the wings of hope and permit it fly and sing freely. Its song can be heard over the strangest seas, coldest lands, and in the worst storms. It is a song that never ends as long as we do not let it. This is the only poem of hers that does not stress the mental anguish of the poet. The only one. You can disagree. Great use of metaphors much like the feathers on a bird hope insulates us from some of the harsher realities of life suggests hope is universal when talks about birds song without words hope is common to all people and all times Louise affix on 2009-09-28 by a guest . ah interesting . I interperted the poem more as a reference. The hope can stand through much more hardship than the people themselves, but hope doesnt act as the way a bird would. A bird would souse into a slump, or fly from the complication, whereas hope would continue to be precious, reasuring the being and coaching its continuation. Posted on 2008-03-10 by a gu est . ah interesting . I interperted the poem more as a reference. The hope can stand through much more hardship than the people themselves, but hope doesnt react as the way a bird would.A bird would sink into a slump, or fly from the complication, whereas hope would continue to be precious, reasuring the being and coaching its continuation. Posted on 2008-03-10 by a guest . . Dickinson defines hope with a metaphor, comparing it to a bird. Dickinson introduces her metaphor in the first two lines, Hope is the thing with feathers/That perches in the soul. throughout the entire poem, this metaphor develops through Dickinsons comparison of characteristics between hope and a bird, whatever is being said of the bird applies to hope, and the application to hope is Dickinsons point in this poem.It is obvious that a bird sings the tune, but Emilys version of a bird, sings a tunewithout the words, and never stops at all. In the soul where this bird has perched on, sings wordlessly and wit hout pause. resembling the bird, hope comes from ones soul, and never stops at all, meaning that an individual does not stop hoping. Like the tune without words, hope also is not a matter of words. It is a feeling about the future both of desire and expectation. The development of this metaphor continues as Dickinson describes how the bird reacts to hardships. A storm must be impossibly brutal to abash the little bird. The bird continues to survive as it can be order everywhere. The chillest land to the strangest sea, symbolizes hopes presence under the worst and most threatening circumstances. Hope reacts in the same way. For hope to be abashed, sore must be the storm, or disastrous must be the hardship. That kept so many warm is an appropriate characteristic of hope and a bird. Similar to a birds changeless and comforting melodies, hopes constant reassurance has kept so many warm in times of hardships. Posted on 2007-02-28 by a guest . . Dickinson defines hope with a metapho r, comparing it to a bird.Dickinson introduces her metaphor in the first two lines, Hope is the thing with feathers/That perches in the soul. Throughout the entire poem, this metaphor develops through Dickinsons comparison of characteristics between hope and a bird, whatever is being said of the bird applies to hope, and the application to hope is Dickinsons point in this poem. It is obvious that a bird sings the tune, but Emilys version of a bird, sings a tunewithout the words, and never stops at all. In the soul where this bird has perched on, sings wordlessly and without pause.Like the bird, hope comes from ones soul, and never stops at all, meaning that an individual does not stop hoping. Like the tune without words, hope also is not a matter of words. It is a feeling about the future both of desire and expectation. The development of this metaphor continues as Dickinson describes how the bird reacts to hardships. A storm must be impossibly brutal to abash the little bird. Th e bird continues to survive as it can be found everywhere. The chillest land to the strangest sea, symbolizes hopes presence under the worst and most threatening circumstances.Hope reacts in the same way. For hope to be abashed, sore must be the storm, or fatal must be the hardship. That kept so many warm is an appropriate characteristic of hope and a bird. Similar to a birds constant and comforting melodies, hopes constant reassurance has kept so many warm in times of hardships. Posted on 2007-02-28 by a guest Post your Analysis Message This may only be an analysis of the writing. No requests for explanation or general short comments allowed. Due to Spam Posts are moderated before posted.

Phytomining †Pros and Cons Essay

Phytomining describes the payoff of a metal crop by using high-biomass plants, which are plants that produce energy or a usable resource when burnt. Phytominers subdue crops of a specific plant species with high concentrations of a desired metal, harvest the plant and deliver it to a furnace to burn and gather its bio-ore. As a capability alternative to environmentally destructive mining practices, phytomining has great promise to transform the way metals are extracted from the environment however, phytomining has yet to produce metal yields that would begin to requite global demand.Environmental ConsiderationsIt is generally accepted that phytomining is greener than conventional mining practices. In environments with metal-contaminated soil, phytominers can recollect metal pollutants from the soil, thereby restoring the soil to health. Still, growingmass amounts of plants also takes a monetary value on the land used for cultivation. Industrial farming practices deplete the soil and overgrowing biocrops has the potential to permanently alter an areas ecology.Economic ViabilityIf the scale of production is large enough, phytomining could become a cheaper alternative to excavation, but large-scale harvesting of plants with concentrations of metal is currently more costly than extracting metals from mines. In the future, as metal prices procession and the yields from mines deplete, this could change. The shortage of metal from mines and persistent demand for metal by industry would offset the costs of initiating large-scale phytomining farm production.Growing ConditionsPhytominings success is emergence to the forces of nature. Unlike traditional excavation, phytomining is dependent on growing conditions such as the weather, altitude and soil quality. A bad growing season could wipe egress an entire crop of metal-producing plants, and if global climate change alters weather patterns, the risks associated with establishing a long-term phytomining industry in an area increase.Other ConsiderationsAs with any sweet industry, much is unknown about the long-term effects of phytomining. For example, with a limited amount of good farming land available, what land use would be displaced to answer room for a phtyomining industry? Researchers will also use up to examine the effect of having metal-enhanced plants entering the food chain over time. They will also need to determine if it is possible to prevent metal runoff from the plants from entering the local water supply.

Five Elements In The Rhetorical Situation

1. What are the five elements in the rhetorical positioning? drug abuse TRACE to help you remember.Text Reader Author Constraints Exigence2. How can a reader use the rhetorical web site to essay an argument essay? How ca a viewer use the rhetorical situation to analyze an image? How can a writer use the rhetorical situation during the planning phase of composition a paper?They can analyze all objects above by using the TRACE analysis3. why is the audience grievous in argument? What types of positions might an audience initially hold?The audience is important because without the audience you have no argument. You will not be able to prove your point with no audience. The audience may initially be a friendly audience, undecided audience, neutral audience, hostile audience, foreign audience, or linked audience.4. What is a treat community? To what discourse communities do you belong? How does a discourse community help establish common ground for its members?A discourse communit y is a root word of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals. I believe that we all, belong to several discourse communities it would just depend on the situation and what your beliefs are. It establishes common ground by having resources and peers interested in the same beliefs and ideas.5. What is the universal audience? What are the circumscribed qualities of this audience? Why is it a useful idea?A universal audience is one with apparent individual differences but also important common qualities. This universal audience is educated, reasonable, normal, adult, and willing to listen.

Group Characteristics and Development Essay

I was nonpareil of the founders of World Movers Research Firm (WMRF). The aim of forming this congregation was to create employment, earn better incomes and offer consultancy run to those organizations and business entities that could not afford these services at lesser charges than the normal market price in order to help them to grow and achieve their goals. The group comprised of people from diverse areas of study and we thought that this was an vantage since we would inject professionalism into the intended research firm. During forming stage, large(p) care was taken to ensure all diverse disciplines were accorded the regard as they deserved.It was also expected that some of us would do lesser note than the rest but this was handled with great care to ensure that no discipline was underrated because this would create intra group conflicts. We in that locationfore discussed the objectives in detail and the job expected of every group member. in that location was need to ha ve interim leaders who would coordinate the operations of the firm and we gave a chance for members to volunteer as we prepare for group elections. Even though dickens of our members wanted to head the organization, we managed to solve the conflict by encouraging dialogue amongst them.They were informed that the elections were to be conducted currently and there was no point of arguing. (Marilyn B. Cole, 2005, Pp. 20 32 Robins, S. , & Judge, T. , 2009) The most challenging part was perhaps the norming stage. There was a great need of constitution and there was a very hot debate. We managed to come up with a constitution and we agreed unanimously to stick to it and amend it when necessary incase we felt that there was a deficiency. We defined the roles of each member. We also agreed on the groups rewarding system and sharing of profits as tumesce as the losses.All this was made possible by conforming to the agreed upon rules (Marilyn B. Cole, 2005, Pp. 28 32) After acquiring an office and making the necessary procurements, it was time to start the work. We managed to get a strong to review the operations of the joint loans boards in the country and make recommendations to improve them. The job was so well done that we were given the opportunity to implement the report. We found out that some of the roles needed modifications, and some of the members were not comfort subject with the tasks in which they were supposed to carry out. We amended the constitution and everything came back to normal.(Marilyn B. Cole, 2005, Pp. 21 32) We all had higher(prenominal) expectations and same objectives. Everyone worked very hard to achieve his part. The constitution was also very clear and conflicts were kept as minimal as possible. The group had minimal cohesion. This was just one of the ways of avoiding the negative symptoms of groupthink. In addition, through with(predicate) voting, we managed to set up a good directive leadership. The group was very independent from outside influences and the groups homogeneousness nature in terms of ideologies and social background also suppressed negative groupthink effects.(Marilyn B. Cole, 2005, Pp. 28 38 Robins, S. , & Judge, T. , 2009) I can say that the group has been successful since it is still operating. Everyone is contented with his role in the group and we have even gone a step further to venture in investments from the income we have been able References Marilyn B. Cole, (2005). GROUP DYNAMICS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY THE THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICE APPLICATION OF GROUP INTERVENTION, goldbrick Robins, S. , & Judge, T. (2009). ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, (13th Ed). Upper Saddle River, N. J Pearson Prentice Hall.

Improving Quality to Improve Profits

Improving Quality to Improve Profits XXXXXXXX BUS 642 Business Research Methods & Tools Prof. Donna smother September 10, 2012 ? Improving Quality to Improve Profit Public companies continuously experience pressure to sum up returnss for sh beholders. One method of increasing profits is to reduce expenses. One expense Schlumberger management believes is alone inwardly the comp whatevers control is the basic pass yield of their crossways. Specifically, Schlumberger management believed that raising the commencement pass yield of their product to at to the utmost degree 99% would result in at to the lowest degree a 1% increase in profit.As Fawcett & Calantone (2000) intimate out calibers relevance extends to its powerfulness to reduce costs of defective work. Crosby estimated that the cost of quality are equivalent to 15 to 20 portion of sales revenue and argued that if quality were advanced, complete cost would inevitably fall, increasing firms profitability (par. 22). As a result, Schlumberger management authorized a culture to validate their hypothesis and determine specific focus areas to beat resources that allow for maximize the effort for achieving results.To start the validation, the look squad decided to utilize the specific query cognitive operation charted in Business Research Methods written by Cooper and Schindler. As Cooper and Schindler (2011) point out good investigate generates dependable info that are derived by professionally directed practices and that can be utilise reliably for decision making (p. 12). Cooper and Schindler (2011) go on to state good investigate look ons the standard scientific method systematic, empirically based procedures for generating replicable look into (p. 2). As a result, this particular playing area pull up stakes follow the figure out of understandably peg down the purpose, provide process details, thoroughly formulate the research design, provide high ethical standards, reveal a ny limitations honestly, provide adequate analysis for the decision makers, impersonate findings unambiguously, justify the conclusions, and reflect the researchers experience. The maiden step in the overall process is to clearly defined purpose. To pure(a) this step we posit to answer the following questions. indecision one is what is the management dilemma? Question two is what are the management questions? Question iii is what are the research questions? And the forth question is what are the investigative questions? In this case, the management dilemma is how to increase profit margin. The management question is if we increase initiatory pass yield to 99%, result profit margin increase by at to the lowest degree 1% given everything else stays equal? The research questions are what areas of the business should management allocate resources to improve starting pass yield?The investigation questions are 1) what is the on-line(prenominal) for the low gear time pass yiel d of our manufacturing facilities? 2) What is the first pass yield of apiece manufacturing facility? 3) What is the first pass yield of severally product congregation? 4) What is the first pass yield of our incoming material from all suppliers? 5) What is the first pass yield of each active supplier? 6) What is the current profit margin? Next in the overall process is to cook an operational definition for the memorize. In this particular drive specific definitions are needed.For consistency, we provide utilize the intimacy for Operations Management (or APICS) definitions for operating profit and first pass yield. APICS defines profit margin as the release among the sales and cost of goods sold for an organization. According to APICS first pass yield is defined as the ration of products that conform to specifications without rework or modification to total input. This definition will be used in our manufacturing facilities as well as incoming material from our suppliers.O ther terms that need to be defined for clarity include Schlumberger manufacturing assembly site facility, supplier, okay supplier list, and current active suppliers. Schlumberger manufacturing site will be defined as any manufacturing or assembly site Schlumberger owns. A supplier will be defined as any confederation delivering components, sub-assemblies, or final products that are not have by Schlumberger. Approved supplier list will be defined as the list of suppliers approved by Schlumberger through the Quality Manufacturing and Safety (QMS) Audit and first article processes.Current active suppliers will be defined as any supplier that has supplied components, sub-assemblies or end products to Schlumberger within the last year. Part numbers game will be considered active if Schlumberger has ordered or received a part number in the last year and has a forecast or purchase order placed for delivery within the next two years. Items that are considered out of scope for this study include software, services, facilities contractors, and transportation services. Any newfound products not released prior to the start of this study will also be considered out of scope for this research.The primeval method of gathering data will be to analyze and consolidate the raw information presently in the corporate databases. These databases include Approved Supplier List, eQuality, Incoming watch, Quest, and Finance. The research team up does not plan to get hold of any formal surveys at this time. The research team will consist of at least(prenominal) one person from each of the potential stakeholders. These stakeholders will include Finance, Quality, Supply train Management, Procurement, Manufacturing, and Information engineering science (IT).Schlumberger has several databases with significant raw data in each. The team realizes that driveing and consolidating this information in a available form might require the help of IT resources and potentially delay the overall results of the study. The research team plans to obtain the following information from the data available in the databases. The team will begin gathering data closest to the end customer and move upstream in the process flow to analyze the major(ip) process points along the supply chain.As a result, the team will review the current overall first pass yield for all Schlumberger manufacturing sites, each individual manufacturing site, and each product line. In addition, the research team will analyze the first pass yield at incoming inspection from the suppliers. This information will be analyzed at a global level, by supplier, and by Schlumberger manufacturing site location. The team will also determine how umteen suppliers are in the approved supplier database and compare this number to the current active suppliers.Since Pareto Analysis is much(prenominal) an important data analysis whoreson, this research team plans to utilize this address as the primary method of organ izing the data. As Karuppusami & Gandhinathan (2006) point out a Pareto Analysis is a QC tool that ranks the data classifications in the descending order from the highest frequency of occurrences to the lowest frequency of occurrences. The total frequency is equated to coulomb percent. The vital few items occupy a substantial amount (80 per cent) of cumulative percentage of occurrences and the useful many occupy only the remaining 20 per cent of occurrences (par. 2). Utilizing Pareto Analysis will provide an easy right smart to determine where to focus resources for maximum benefit. Analyzing the resource allocation and budget needs to support this study reveals we need a core team of six people, a budget of $350,000, and four months to present the teams findings. At least one team member will represent the following functions in the smart set. These functions include Finance, Quality, Supply Chain Management, Procurement, Manufacturing, and IT. The Finance Vice-president will be the champion of the study.Other employees will be involved as needed to complete the research. The budget includes salaries of the team members for four months, researching internal databases, potentially developing IT scripts to extract needed data and potentially visiting manufacturing facilities and suppliers to validate data or obtain additional detailed information. As in any research project, handling the study with the highest ethics is extremely important. As Cooper and Schindler (2011) point out the finish of ethics is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences from research activity (p. 2). Cooper and Schindler (2011) go on to state unethical activities are pervasive and include violating nondisclosure agreements, breaking participant confidentiality, misrepresenting results, deceiving people, using invoicing irregularities, avoiding heavy liability, and more (p. 32). Although this research team does not plan to conduct official surveys, the team w ill conduct interviews with various participants to verify the data. In each case, the research team will disclose the nature of the study before engaging participants.Although Schlumberger has a strict no retaliation policy in the company, the final research report will not include the specific employee names of Schlumberger or suppliers employees. The primary focus of the study will be following and presenting the data related to product quality and increasing profits. The research team will honor all nondisclosure agreements and report the overall facts honestly. Consistent with company and standard research policy, the highest refuge practices will be used throughout the study.Consistent with the research approach, the research team analyzed the data for the company owned manufacturing sites, first. This raw data revealed Schlumberger has a total of twenty-seven company owned manufacturing sites located in nine different countries. To review the first pass yield of these facili ties, the research team reviewed a total of 4,376 quality records posted during 2012. The overall first pass yield for all twenty-seven facilities is 82 percent. The triplet facilities with the lowest first pass yields are all located in the Houston area.The three product lines with the lowest first pass yield are Pressure and Sampling (59%), Seismic (67%), and Drilling (71%). Next, the tea m began to analyze the information regarding our supplier performance. Based on the raw data, Schlumberger has a total of 5,778 approved suppliers. Of these suppliers 63% (or 3640) are considered active suppliers by definition. Of these active suppliers, twenty suppliers account for 61% of the line items delivered to the twenty-seven facilities. triple specific suppliers have the lowest first pass yield. These three suppliers are Freeport (46%), Harrison (61%), and Tenaris (63%).Based on public fiscal records, the current profit margin is recorded as $0. 98 per share in Q1FY12 and $1. 02 per sh are in Q2FY12. This translates into $1. 303 billion in Q1FY12 and $1. 40 billion in Q2FY12. A one percent increase in profit would increase earnings by just over $13 million per quarter. To validate the first pass yield data, the research team visited four company owned manufacturing sites each in northeastern America, Europe, and Asia. Two of the facilities visited in each region recorded the highest first pass yields in that region.Two of the facilities visited in each region recorded the worst first pass yields in that region. During these visits, the research team took a expedition of each facility, conducted an audit of the quality records and interviewed key members of each manufacturing team including the Process Engineers, Quality Engineers, Incoming Inspection and Finished Goods Inventory Warehouse Managers. During the audit, the research team reviewed each facilities documented processes, actual processes employ and the data recorded in the quality database.To the resea rch teams surprise, the methods utilized in each of the facilities were not consistent either documented or in actual practice. The North American and European facilities utilized and practiced the definition of first pass yield consistent with the research teams definition. However, the Asiatic manufacturing facilities did not record the actual first pass yield per our definition. Instead, if a product failed testing, the Asian facilities would retest the product. If the product passed testing during the second or even the third test and passed, they recorded a positive first pass quality yield.The finding of inconsistent data records in the Asian facilities weakened the confidence in the raw data analyzed previously. However, it did uncover an opportunity to strengthen the companys overall processes. In summary, the raw data suggests Houston manufacturing facilities have the three low yields of the twenty-seven in total. However, these facilities might not be the lowest yields b ecause the research team uncovered inconsistencies in the data collection definition and process between the Asian manufacturing facilities and the European or North American facilities.As a result, a further study is recommended of the Asian facilities to determine how significant the overall raw data is skewed by them utilizing a different process to collect and record first pass yield. At the same time resources should be placed in the Houston facilities to raise the first pass yield from the current low level to 99%. Since the data and process for collecting and recording the data for the supplier first pass yield is consistent, the research team is confident in the results achieved.It is the recommendation of the research team to focus resources on the three lowest yielding suppliers. These resources should conduct a more detailed analysis to uncover the Pareto Analysis of the top defects. Once the top three defects are determined, the root cause and appropriate corrective acti ons can be determined to raise the first pass yield to the appropriate levels. Reviewing the financial evidence suggests a 1% increase in profit is achievable if the overall first pass yield of Schlumberger manufacturing facilities rises to 99%.To achieve this high yield levels quickly, the company will need a systematic and consistent approach across all facilities and suppliers. One such process to consider is implementing a combined Lean and Six Sigma continuous profit approach in each manufacturing facility and with our suppliers. Since determining the cost of implementing Lean and Six Sigma process is out of scope for this research team, a further study would be needed to determine the cost of implementing significant process improvement verse the potential 1% benefit per quarter.Throughout this research the team worked well together. Having a process to follow made the overall activities much easier to accomplish in a systematic way. All members believed the success of this s tudy was largely due to the planning at the beginning of the process. To keep the project on track, it was important to define exactly what activities were in the scope of the project and what was considered of of scope. When the team uncovered inconsistencies, in data collection or processes, we were able to document the information an continue progress toward the overall goal.Now that this study is complete the information will be recorded in our company Quest database for future reference. References APICS deifinitions First Pass Yield http//www. apics. org/ dictionary/dictionary-information? ID=1543 Profit Margin http//www. apics. org/dictionary/dictionary-information? ID=3188 Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill Irwin Fawcett, S. E. , & Calantone, R. J. (2000).Meeting quality and cost imperatives in a global market. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 30(6), 472-499. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/232588532? accountid=32521 Karuppusami, G. , & Gandhinathan, R. (2006). Pareto analysis of critical success factors of total quality management. The TQM Magazine, 18(4), 372-385. doi 10. 1108/09544780610671048. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/227643251/fulltext/13911EA989455E63FDD/3? accountid=32521

Globalization of the Media: A Bicultural Woman’s View Essay

Does globalization mean were organism conditioned into thinking only of CNN or Al Jazeera when disaster luck intos and we expect detailed parole of an event? Yes, very likely, because many media in the Arab foundation menstruate short of the task of providing good, accurate, countersign thats to the point.Can we spunk globalization? Should we be part of it? What excessivelyls crumb we manipulate to our advantage? What role can women play in globalization of the media? Do they face obstacles?Doesnt it hurt us when alien diarists report wrong avouchation about us? Shouldnt we admirer them by making it easy to impersonate the right information and non fall into the same sand trap of doing to them what they do to us?1. NEED FOR UNDERSTANDING & BALANCED INFORMATION ON BOTH SIDESWe need much media that can picture our cultural back grounds and societal needs on both sides of the cultural divide i.e. those that strike a balance between accurate information and understandin g of the narratives background.All too often reporters be parachuted into a earth to c everyplace a hot story without having solid instauration in the subject. This applies to Arabs as strong as the Statesns and Europeans. Ive seen it happen in many countries and we need to right that.U.S. and European correspondents often arrive on Arab shores with no notion of whats happening in the country or the region, little or no knowledge of Arabic (or French) and expecting everyone to understand them in English, for example.Some take overt do their homework and gullt read about the background that led to new conflicts, as if they exist in a vacuum. Its a major failure on their part.An American reporter I know was too sc bed to enter Tripoli (Lebanon) during one of the major firefights of the Lebanese civil war, took a taxi to the edge of the city, saw some ex careens from a distance, ran back to Beirut, filed the story with a Tripoli dateline and proceeded to detail the raging batt le which he never really saw. There are many such stories from all over the world.Thats a great disservice to the readers, viewers, listeners and browsers.2. THE GENDER worryOn the gender front, an Arab woman journalist may be lucky to cover the same news as a man, alone she cant expect the same pay. Why?Theres a ceiling women cant penetrate in media and government, says May Kahale, a veteran journalist and media adviser to former Lebanese president Elias Hrawi.Mona Ziade, news editor at The Daily Star in Lebanon, notes that womens coverage of politics and other(a) serious issues is fairly recent and continues to raise male suspicions.Which is wherefore women have to strive harder to prove themselves and place upright by very professional standards to be taken seriously, and be respected.According to Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim Ayesh of Sharjah University, the chances of Arab women in the media are still limited compared to men and the lack of opportunities for professional growth is a major depressant they face in media organizations.He attri buted this to traditionalistic stereotyping of women in the media as consumers only concern with beauty and fashion and lacking the ability to think and beat decisions.Another obstacle is that media work requires tractile hours and mobility, which often conflicts with the responsibilities of married women, who have children and homes, he added.Why dont we have stories of women who have succeeded in this field highlighted in our own media? Why dont we make them available to foreign media in their own languages? It doesnt take genius, but a bit of effort.I spent many years covering the Pentagon (in addition to the White House, State Department and Congress) and enjoyed make-up on defense and security issues, instruction on weapons, rapid deployment forces, low intensity warfare, terrorism and nuclear proliferation.Mastery of languages is very important. Its helped me in many situations. Reading Farsi (with my comman d of Arabic) helped me cover stories in Tehran knowing Greek enabled me to decipher the Cyrillic alphabet while on assignment in Moscow and while living in Cyprus and existence fluent in French has served me in many locations, like North Africa and elsewhere. Thinking and speaking in Englishs many variations is my strength.If women are to prove themselves in the field and many have excelled over the years they should do their homework, and more than. They should keep pushing that executive glass ceiling by being experts in areas not considered womens issues.3. HOW ARAB MEDIA SHOULD COUNTERATTACKOn November 26, the Arab League opened a two-day conference to discuss how to administer with the worlds eagerness to equate Islam with terrorism and started a fund with an initial $1 jillion donation to finance research and publications to promote dialogue among civilizations.Thats great, but we need to en sure enough the approachability of satellite broadcasts (mostly in English), g ood use of the Internet, and an army of articulate communicators who can convey the suppositions of peace, common earthly concern and fairness to all in non-rhetorical language, short sound bites and cyber kilobits.Arab media need to counter-attack, but I would argue that to do so, they must act decisively, promptly and credibly.The Detroit Free Press, published in the city with the United States most saturated Arab-American population, is trying to damp understand and relieve issues concerning Arab-Americans and Islamics.It has a list squawked 100 Questions & Answers About Arab-Americans A diary keepers Guide to help with more accurate journalistic portrayals of Arab-Americans, their backgrounds, culture, religions.The Florida-based Poynter Institute, which specializes in media matters, ran an online article called Understanding Ramadan with think to various sites journalists could use as resources.Equally good were two features in the Seattle Times Online called Understandi ng Turbans and rendering Veils with illustrations and descriptions of headdresses worn by men and covers for women. We should have such information handy to provide our media contacts.Speaking on Arab-American perspectives on the anti-terrorism war, the president of the Arab-American Institute in Washington, James Zogby, delivered the Secretary of States Open assembly address in December, noting that his community can play a bridging role in the midsection East.We understand the reality of the region, he said. We also want to have input in the discussions about how we approach the Middle East.So what do readers in America, for example, really want? Pam Johnson writes on the Poynter Institute site that international news needs relevance.For many Americans, what happens in the Middle East, Western Europe, Great Britain, Afghanistan, the Indian sub-continent, and the rest of North America now is a subject of great interest, she said. Similarly, events in the United States that are re lated to the U.S.-led War on Terrorism take on greater importance.The Columbia Journalism Review of November/December 1997 ran a story entitled Reporting Foreign News Who Gives a Damn?Author James F. Hoge, Jr. wrote that nevertheless(prenominal) for the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989-90, the coverage of international news in American media had steady declined since the late seventies, when the cold war lost its sense of imminent danger. The reason A world less threatening to America is less newsy, he reported. Or as one TV executive said, sunshine is a weather report, a raging storm is news.Journalists have also ignored historians, wrote Charles Bowen in editor & Publisher. He pointed to a new history-rich website called History News Network (www.historynewsnetwork.org) as a potentially right on resource, providing linked headlines to its latest analyses.Shouldnt the Arab terra firma have something similar to serve its purposes?George Krimsky, a veteran foreign correspond ent and editor with the Associated Press, who now has a consulting firm, co-authored a very useful book called Bringing the World Home Showing Readers Their Global Connections. Its an in precious resource for Americans who dont see a link between their own back yards and the universe at large.Arabs can help by finding links between what interests Americans and their own region. It just requires homework, research, and perseverance.Several organizations award journalists for the work they do and risks they take to inform us about whats happening in the world, or even in our own neighborhoods. We should ache these awards and create worthy prizes.I was heartened to condition that the conference of Arab news agencies federation which met in Doha in December recommended the establishment of the federations own internet site in English and Arabic and another site to counter the negative image portrayed in the perceived squeeze against Arabs and Muslims.I would still like to see more r eferences made to womens participation in that effort and consult of how the image of women in the Arab world can be presented in a positive light, not via stereotypes.Empowering Arab & Muslim women is the key to eradicating terrorism at its source was the headline of an article by Lebanese journalist Saad Mehio in The Daily Star Dec. 12, 2001.4. RECOMMENDATIONSWith all that in mind, here are my recommendations for positive changeWomen journalists should have facts install at their fingertips, ask intelligent questions, be persistent without being obnoxious, show inconsistencies in whats being said and done, document everything, and be thorough.Arab women journalists need to learn American English fast and tune in to the nuances of official Washington before presuming to know how to cover the White House, State Department, Pentagon, Capitol Hill, etc. They also need to understand the intricacies of international finance and lending institutions if theyre to cover the World Bank an d IMF.They should be headspring versed in the language of international relations, treaties, history, geography, etc., before tackling the U.N. and its agencies. Theres a lot of legwork involved. mystify egg-producing(prenominal) economists available to speak on westward business shows about their economic concerns and the common ground that exists between deal from the Arab world and other parts of the world. It would strike a responsive chord.Have female engineers or physicists or doctors or lawyers available to appear on TV shows, radio programs, in print, etc., to explain how things work in Arab or Muslim countries. They would probably find more in common with their sisters in the west than differences.Above all, have articulate journalists and media experts available to answer questions about the media and other issues of concern crossways the cultural divide.Hollywood has enlisted former heavyweight boxing champ Mohammad Ali to help Americas campaign abroad to show that t he war its launched isnt against Islam or the Arabs, but against terrorism.Why cant the Arabs enlist Omar Sharif and women stars who speak English well to do the same and address the western world to dress down about the riches of the Arab world and Islam, and even Christianity in Arab countries?One thing weve failed to do well is addressing the hinterlands in America and Western Europe. Its never too late to do that but definitely requires time, silver and effort.How about mobilizing our women politicians to go out to De Moines, Iowa Chicago, Illinois Dallas, Texas Athens, Ohio Columbia, Missouri? Set them up to talk to womens clubs, get on womens talk shows and programs, even religious programs and talk about how their beliefs are similar to those of the women in the secondary towns and cities.We need to have a handbook of Arab-American legislators, Arabs whove made it in business and science, the media, etc. Have biographies of them and summaries on how the political system in the US works at the city, state and federal levels. Some of these things are already available through Arab-American organizations, but need to be made available to us in simplified form.Its not just a matter of buying our way into the media and politics. Its more a matter of working our way through the system, by first understanding it. We cant claim expertise in the field. Theres still much to learn.We should have media directories and handbooks of Arab experts available for correspondents who berate us or live in our countries. Make them clear, concise and user friendly. Update them regularly, make sure theyre properly edited and printed on good paper and are attractive online. Its the expatiate that count and lend to ones credibility.No matter how powerful or rich a mass medium, it cannot succeed if it does not offer accurate and unbiased information. We may present glossy pictures but if the text is bad, the whole story goes out the window.How do we contact the media? How do we write a garner to the editor or an op-ed column?Here are a few suggestions from the Arab American Institute in Washington, which also provides links to media sources. We can follow the guidelines and create our own local/regional version1. Be timely. Respond while the issue is still fresh in the minds of journalists and their audiences. Send your garner no later on than a week after the article appears in print or is broadcast.2. Be direct. The opening separate should contain your main point. You want the reader to be able to quickly identify your message.3. Be concise. Your allowters length will affect its chances of being published. Most publications will not print more than terce short paragraphs.4. Use words that convey a firm and resolute stance. If youre writing a letter critical of news coverage, use adjectives such as distorted, inaccurate, out-of-context, one-sided, skewed. If you are complementing an article or editorial, make sure you note its fairness, balance and/or thoroughness.5. Stay cool. Hostile or overly randy language in your letter will hurt your chances rather than help them. Stating your case in a convincing fashion is the most important criterion for acquire published.6. Spread the word. Dont just send your letter to the editor. You can maximize its impact if you send a copy to other people responsible for the article, such as the reporter, foreign editor or syndicated columnist, as well as those mentioned in the article, such as a congress member or public official.7. Claim credit. Before create a letter, most papers will call to verify that you wrote it. Make sure you include your replete(p) name, title, address and daytime phone number in the letter.8. Follow up. Inquire about the status of your letter with a phone call or letter. If you submit a letter in the future, the editor may remember you and give you more immediate consideration.In December, CNN and MTV two cable networks launched in the 1980s with disparate o wnerships and audiences teamed up to offer viewers of both networks a series of reports on young people in Afghanistan. What an interesting experimentWhy cant we have something similar with young women from a youth-oriented Arab home reporting on the plight of Palestinian women under siege, young people in Iraq, students in Sudan, or women farmers in southern Lebanon?In fact, I would propose creating an online news service for children, run by children lets say ages 8-18 under the guidance of adults. Its young reporters can reach out to others around the world and share their concerns and fears about the planet they all share.Another place Ive loved to visit in the past few years has been something called the Newseum (or news museum) outside Washington. Its a magnet for anyone interested in news.We could easily have something like that in Lebanon, for example, dedicated to the news business, with exhibits in at least three languages and user-friendly, computer-generated, interac tive displays.We must learn to network more effectively and develop media literacy programs for children and adults. A specialized media aggroup defines media literacy as a four-step inquiry process of AwarenessAnalysisReflectionAction.Theres a lot that can be done online to reach a far greater audience than traditional media. One woman in New York called Amira Quraishi with a group of friends launched a non-profit organization called Muslims Against Terrorism and started a website.According to Wired News Online, they began with a spare website that tracked hate crimes and cited key passages from the Koran that call for peace, justice and tolerance. Within three weeks, the site had slick Flash graphics, a press kit, links to other good resources, links to the groups listserv and contact information for members.One of our shortcomings has been that were always reactive, not proactive. We need to change that. We should provide speakers, information, access, courtesy, and much more, i n real time.We should learn to make friends with reporters and editors not with the idea of buying them, but with being good sources of reliable information to them. Its an easy task that should be taken seriously. We should learn to respect time and deadlines. We need to have long-term vision.Our editorials should be rational discourses, not irrational outbursts.If were going to set up more satellite stations to address western public opinion, let them not be carbon copies of what we already have. We need original content to face todays challenges.We need in-depth coverage of issues that concern our people and that have common threads with others worldwide. lets be creative about it.Were catching up in the use of technology, but shouldnt bar access to its various manifestations. Blocking websites wont do it. Itll only make people want to try harder to reach the unreachable.We have too many armchair analysts. In Beirut, dozens of far-famed writers sit in cafs and expound on matter s about Lebanon and the world. They dont travel extensively, they dont mix with all manner of people, and they dont even read English well enough to decipher American or British media. And yet they get paid for that. Its a disgrace. They should be dethroned.Analysis and good writing arent done by remote control. They require involvement, getting down to the grassroots, digging for facts, and constantly communicating with people from all walks of life.We in the Arab world should also learn to handle bad news. In the West they create crisis centers to handle the flow of information in an emergency. We turn tail to cover up things. Why? Wed be more credible if we shared what we knew in a sober and rational way to help all those concerned, including ourselves.People will continue to stereotype Arabs and Muslims so long as Arabs and Muslims dont present their case in an effective way, away from secretive official statements that most people dont believe anyway. We need substance.Its ou r job to change the negative image we have abroad. We have to bridge the cultural and media divide. Provocation wont get us anywhere. Communication will.To improve our image we need to clean up our own act, reform our methods, abide by media ethics, follow guidelines of good journalistic practice, promote transparency in our work, capitalize on our benignant assets, promote more women in the media to fill higher positions and provide balanced leadership.We need to coordinate better and should learn to share information among each other in a cooperative spirit.Keep it bare(a) and dont assume anything are two basic rules I used to teach my journalism students. Theyre universal.Finally, always keep children in mind when creating a message. Theyre the most impressionable and valuable audience we have and theyll grow up to become tomorrows leaders.